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Guida completa ai comandi di Linux di Antonio Gallo |
Written in 1998 through 1999 by AGX*********************************************************************** Questo
file e' in perenne costruzione, vista sia l'inponente mole di
lavoro sia la decisione di riscrivere ora tutto in italiano.
* A * adduser-----------------------------------------------------------------------agettyagetty is a small version of getty, usefull only to login on virtual console or serials port. Sintassi: agetty [optios] < velocity > [,... ] < port > [tarminal] Opzioni: "port" is the device to use, like tty1 if you want to use /dev/tty1 "velocity" a comma separated list of bps velocity. "terminal" the kind of terminal emulation to use Options -h enable hardware control, i.e. RTS/CTS -i don't show the content of /etc/issue before the user logon -f < file > specify a diffent file to use instead of /etc/issue -I----------------------------------------------------------------------- aliasDefine an alias for a command. Typeing alias with no arguments cause to show the list of all the aliases Typeing an alias with no value cause to erase the alias for that name When defining a new alias there must be no blank-space between the name and the value Sintassi: alias [< name > [= < value > ] ... ] Example: alias dir='ls -al'----------------------------------------------------------------------- alienalien converts packages between different distribution into Debian o RedHat formats. Sintassi: alien {--to-deb | --to-rpm} [options] < package_name >---------------------------------------------------------------------- aproposSearch into the 'whatis' database, that contain info about the command system, for one or more words. The 'whatis' database is generated thru' the command 'makewhatis'. apropos, instead of whatis, display all the string that match with the search pattern instead of only the first.----------------------------------------------------------------------- arp-----------------------------------------------------------------------ash-----------------------------------------------------------------------archDisplay information upon the architecture of your machine----------------------------------------------------------------------- atSchedule a command for a single execution Sintassi: at [option] [datetime] Opzioni:----------------------------------------------------------------------- atqList the content of an 'at' queue----------------------------------------------------------------------- atrmRemove a job from the 'at' queue----------------------------------------------------------------------- atrunThis program is used internally by "cron" to see if there are jobs pending on the "at" or "batch" tail. It usually is run every minutes.----------------------------------------------------------------------- awkAn interpreted language, very usefull for text manipulation and shell script. Synonims are gawk and nawk-----------------------------------------------------------------------
* B * badblocksbadblock is used to check the low-level integrity of a disk or partition, i.e. it check for bad blocks/clusters Sintassi: badblocks [optons] < device > < number_of_blocks > [first_block] Opzioni: -b < block_size > Tell the size of every block. Default value is 1024 -w LOW-LEVEL FORMAT YOUR DRIVE, DO NOT USE !!!! Esempi: badblocks /dev/fd0 1440----------------------------------------------------------------------- bannerGenerate on the stdout a banner of the text specified on the command line. It is genereally used to print banners.----------------------------------------------------------------------- bashBourne Again SHel This is just your shell, i.e. the "command.com" for windoze addicted Shortcut Effect Up Arrow Scroll the history backward Dn Arrow Scroll the history forward Left Arrow Move cursor back Right Arrow Move cursor forward Ctrl+b Move cursor back Ctrl+f Move cursor forward Backspace BackSpace Ctrl+d Delete a char Ctrl+a Move cursor to the start of the line Ctrl+e Move cursor at the end of the line Alt+f Move cursor one word forward Alt+b Move cursor one word backward Ctrl+l Clear the screen----------------------------------------------------------------------- basenameStrip the path from a filename, and eventually also the suffix Sintassi: basename < pathname > [suffix] Esempi: basename /home/denny/test.awk Return "test.awk" basename /home/denny/test.awk .awk Return "test"----------------------------------------------------------------------- batchA job scheduler, the syntax is the same as 'at' but a job is executed only if the system is not heavy loaded.----------------------------------------------------------------------- bcA textbased calculator----------------------------------------------------------------------- bgResume a suspended job in background. Sintassi: bg [job]----------------------------------------------------------------------- biffCheck if you have new mail----------------------------------------------------------------------- boot parametersFOLLOW THIS HYPER-LINK-----------------------------------------------------------------------
* C * calPrint a calendar on the console Sintassi: cal [month] [year]----------------------------------------------------------------------- calendarA console program to manage a Diary----------------------------------------------------------------------- cancelDelete a print job----------------------------------------------------------------------- catDisplay one or more files, usually is also used to append one file to another. Sintassi: cat [ option ] < file(s) > Examples: cat firstfile secondfile cat head body tail > dog Opzioni: "-A" "--show-all" show all the non-printable chars, act like "-vET" "-b" "--number-nonblank" number all the nonblank lines starting from 1 "-E" "--show-ends" append the symbol "$" at the end of each line "-s" "--squeeze-blank" substitute multiple blanklines with only one "-T" "--show-tabs" substitute the----------------------------------------------------------------------- cdChange the current directory Esempi: cd /tmp Goes into the directory tmp cd ~ Go into the user's home directory cd ~kim Goes into the kim's home directory cd .. Goes to the higher level directory----------------------------------------------------------------------- cdrecordA cd writing program.----------------------------------------------------------------------- cfdiskcfdisk is like "fdisk" eccept that it use an interactive interface. Sintassi: cfdisk [options] [device]----------------------------------------------------------------------- chattrThis program change the attributes of a file on a Ext2 filesystem Sintassi: chattr [options] [mode] < file > Options/Attributes: "+" Add the following attribute to the file "-" Remove the following attribute from the file "A" Tell to not update the access time (aime). This reduce the disk activity "a" Tell that a file can be only open in "append" mode when someone want to write "c" Let the kernel manage compression/decompression on the file (NOT IMPLEMENTED YET!) "d" Tell to the dump program that this program must no be backup-ed "i" The file is "immutable" "s" When the file is delete the block occupated by it are filled with zero. "S" Syncronize all the operation upon this file, without using the disk cache "u" Let undelete this file (NOT IMPLEMENTED YET!)----------------------------------------------------------------------- chfnLet to change the "finger" (name, address, telephone) information stored into /etc/passwd Sintassi: chfn [options] [user]----------------------------------------------------------------------- chgrpChange the group that own a file or directory. See "chown" for the complete syntax Sintassi: chgrp [options] [group] Opzioni: "-R" Change the permission into every sub-directory----------------------------------------------------------------------- chmodChange the permissions upon the specified file or directory Sintassi: chmod [options] < mode > < file > Opzioni: "-R" change the permission into the subdirectories Mode Sintassi: [ugoa][[+-=][rwxXstugo] "u" the user that own the file "g" the group that own the file "o" the other users "a" everybody "+" add those permissions "-" remove those permissions "=" assign those permissions "r" Add the read permission "w" Add the write permission "x" Add the execute permission "X" "s" "t" Enable the sticky bit. "u" Set the same permission has the user that own the file "g" Set the same permission has the group that own the file "o" Set the same permission has the "other" user----------------------------------------------------------------------- chownChange the user that own a file Sintassi: chown [options] [user][:|.][group] file Opzioni: "-R" change the permission into the subdirectories----------------------------------------------------------------------- chroot?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- chshLet you change the predefinite shell into /etc/passwd. It is possible to set only an existing shell, mentioned into /etc/shells Sintassi: chsh [options] [user] Opzioni: "-s----------------------------------------------------------------------- chvtChange the current Virtual Terminal, i.e. switch the terminal like ALT +[Fn] programmatically----------------------------------------------------------------------- clearClear the screen----------------------------------------------------------------------- clockAccess the hardware clock of the machine Sintassi: clock [-u] [-r | -w | -s | -a] Opzioni: "-u" Set the clock in Universal Time (UTC) "-r" Display the hardware clock "-w" Update the system clock with the hardware clock "-s" "-a" Update the system clock with the hardware clock in conjunction with the error adjustment specified into /etc/adjtime Esempi: clock -w Update the system clock with the value into the BIOS----------------------------------------------------------------------- cmp/compCompare two files----------------------------------------------------------------------- compressOld Compression utility, generate a file with .Z suffix. To unzip use uncompress Sintassi: compress [-v] < file_name > "-v" display the compression rate----------------------------------------------------------------------- cpCopy one or more file or directory Sintassi: cp [option] < source > < target > "-a" same as "-dpR", make an exact copy of everything (include symlink) "-b" maintain a backup copy of every file that is overwritten "-d" or "--no-deference" copy symlinks without the linked file "-f" or "--force" force overwrite of the target file "-i" or "--interactive" ask for confirmation before overwite any file "-l" or "--link" make hard-link instead of copy file "-P" or "--parents" Copy the path specified into the source "-p" or "--preserve" keep orignal date, owner and permission "-r" recursive copy every subdirectory, every file is considered normal "-R" or "--recursive" recursive copy every subdirectory "-s" or "--symbolic-link" make a symlink instead of copy the file (not true for directory) "-S < backup_suffix >" or "--suffix=----------------------------------------------------------------------- cpioManage archive of files, like TAR. cpio is used instead of cp or other tools because: - It can access tape drives on other hosts using TCP/IP. - `-o' and `-p' can copy symbolic links either as symbolic links or, with `-L', as the files they point to. - `-i' automatically recognizes the archive format and tries to recover from corrupted archives. - The output of '-itv' looks like 'ls -l'. - It accepts long-named options as well as traditional single-character options. Syntax "copy-out " : cpio -o [options] [< name list] [>----------------------------------------------------------------------- crondThis is the "daemon" that manage the system's job scheduler----------------------------------------------------------------------- crontabLet you modify the "crontab" file for a specified user. The crontab file is used by the daemon cron (a system scheduler) to run specified program at a given time. "crontab -l" view the current crond settings Sintassi: crontab [options] [file] Opzioni: -u----------------------------------------------------------------------- ctrlaltdel?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- cut?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- cuCall another system via modem-----------------------------------------------------------------------
* D * dateShow/modify the current system's date and/or time Sintassi: date [options] [+ format] [date] Opzioni: "-d < date >" "--date=----------------------------------------------------------------------- dbviewUtility to view DBase files----------------------------------------------------------------------- dddd (Data Dublicator or Data Dump) is a low level copy program. Sintassi: dd [options] Opzioni: if=< file > Specify the input file or device of=< file > Specify the output or the device ibs=----------------------------------------------------------------------- depmod'depmod -a' will create the file 'modules.dep' under '/lib/modules'. This file is used to find the kernel modules by the "kerneld" daemon----------------------------------------------------------------------- /devThe dev directory contain special files that permit direct access to the hardware /dev/fd0 first floppy unit /dev/hda first IDE/EIDE hard disk /dev/hda1 first partition on the first IDE/EIDE hard disk /dev/hdb second IDE/EIDE hard disk /dev/sda fisrt SCSI hard disk /dev/sda1 first partition on the fisrt SCSI hard disk /dev/lp0 first parallel port /dev/lp1 second parallel port /dev/cua0 first serial port, i.e. COM1: /dev/ttyS0 first serial port, only in input /dev/null the NULL device, every read or write has no effect----------------------------------------------------------------------- dfDisplay the amount of free space on the disks Sintassi: df [options] [device] Opzioni: "-a" "--all" Show info upon all the devices "-b" "--byte" Display memory in bytes "-h" "--human-redable" Display info into "human readable" form :-) "-i" "--inodes" Display size into inode "-k" "--kilobytes" Display memory in kilobytes "-m" "--megabytes" Display memory in megabytes----------------------------------------------------------------------- dialogA usefull program to display dialog in textmode----------------------------------------------------------------------- diffCompare two text files and create a 'diff' file to be used by the patch program to apply them. Used widely into the kernel (or large) development project Sintassi: diff [-b] [-i] [-w] < file or dir > < file or dir > "-b" treath multiple blank/spaces as only one "-i" ignore the char case "-r" recurse subfolders "-w" ignore tabs and space----------------------------------------------------------------------- dirYou really don't know about this ?!?----------------------------------------------------------------------- dircolorsConfigure the color for the 'ls' command. Use: eval `dircolors [options] [file] Opzioni: If a file is not specified then dircolors try to use first ~/.dir_colors then it look for /etc/DIR_COLORS----------------------------------------------------------------------- dircmpCompare two directory----------------------------------------------------------------------- dirsDisplay the list of the directories stored into a stack. To save/restore a dir the command 'pushd' and 'popd' are used Sintassi: dirs [-l] [+/-n] Opzioni: "+n" Show only "n" elements form the top of the stack "-n" Show only "n" elements form the bottom of the stack "-l" Show the list into the "long" format----------------------------------------------------------------------- dirnameReturn the directory name from a filename specified in input Sintassi: dirname < file_name >----------------------------------------------------------------------- disalloc?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- dmesg?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- dnsdomainname?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- domainname?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- dosfsck?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- dpkgDebian Package Manager. Install, deinstall, update any debian package Sintassi: Usage: dpkg -i|--install <.deb file name> ... | -R|--recursive < dir > ... dpkg --unpack <.deb file name> ... | -R|--recursive < dir > ... dpkg -A|--record-avail <.deb file name> ... | -R|--recursive < dir > ... dpkg --configure----------------------------------------------------------------------- duDisplay the amount of space used by a directory or a file Sintassi: du [options] [dir or file ] Opzioni: "-a" "--all" Show info upon all the devices "-b" "--byte" Display memory in bytes "-c" "--total" Display a general total "-h" "--human-redable" Display info into "human readable" form :-) "-i" "--inodes" Display size into inode "-k" "--kilobytes" Display memory in kilobytes "-m" "--megabytes" Display memory in megabytes "-s" "--summarize" Display a total for every argument "-S" "--separate-dirs" Do not display the space used by subdirs "-x" "--one-file-system" Do not go into different filesystem mounted on some subdirs----------------------------------------------------------------------- dumpe2fs?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- dumpkeysDump to the standard outpt the current keyboard map-----------------------------------------------------------------------
* E * echoecho a string to the standard output Sintassi: echo [options] "string" Opzioni: "-n" do not start a new line "-e" enable parsing of escape sequences "-E" enable parsing of escape sequences Escape sequences: \a bell \b backspace; \c suppress the final newlin char \f form feed \n newline \r carriage return \t tab \v vertical tab \\ backslash \ooo a char code into octal system----------------------------------------------------------------------- edA very old and very owful editor----------------------------------------------------------------------- edquotaLet you assign and modify the "quota" for every user. This need the presence of the files quota.user and quota.group Sintassi: edquota [options] [user] Opzioni: "-u" Modify the user quota "-g" Modify the group quota "-pegrepTee "E"xpanded version of "grep"----------------------------------------------------------------------- elmA (e-)mail client----------------------------------------------------------------------- emacsThe most famous Unix program. A powerfull and customizable text editor----------------------------------------------------------------------- envDisplay all the environment variables----------------------------------------------------------------------- exitExit, exits from a shell, from a "su" session, from a console and many more ...----------------------------------------------------------------------- expand?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- explodepkgPart of the Slackware distribution, unzip the content of a Slackware package-----------------------------------------------------------------------
* F * false?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- fastboot?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- fasthalt?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- fdformatFormat a floppy disk at low-level Sintassi: fdformat [-n] < device_name > Esempi: fdformat /dev/fd0 Format the disk into your drive A:----------------------------------------------------------------------- fdiskfdisk is a program to edit the partition table of your HD If you don't know what i'm talking about don't use it ! You may delete everything on your PC !! Sintassi: fdisk [options] [device] Opzioni: -l List all the partition on hard-disk IDE and SCSI -s < partition > Get the size of that partition----------------------------------------------------------------------- fgResume a suspended job Sintassi: fg [job]----------------------------------------------------------------------- fgrepA version of "grep" with the "-f" parameters as default----------------------------------------------------------------------- fileTell you what kind of file is the one you specified. Require the file /etc/magic Sintassi: file [options] < filename >----------------------------------------------------------------------- findSearch for one or more file and output his/their complete path Sintassi: find < starting_path > [options] Opzioni: "-atime +days" search file not accessed for n days "-depth" start from the last subdirectoy instead that from the root "-exec command \;" for every file execute a command "-iname < file_name >" search for a case-insensitive pattern "-mtime +days" search file not modified for n days "-name < file_name >" search for a case-sensitive pattern "-noleaf" do not optimize the search, to be used on cd-rom "-ok command \;" for every file execute a command asking user confirmation "-print" "-user < user_name > " "-xdev" search only into this Filesystem, does not search into mounted subdirectory (i.e., cdroms, NFSs)----------------------------------------------------------------------- fingerDisplay the peoples connected to a computer----------------------------------------------------------------------- flushb?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- foldWrap lines of a specified size----------------------------------------------------------------------- freeShow the amount of free memory (RAM) Sintassi: free [options] Opzioni: -b Show size in bytes -k Show size in kilobytes -t Show a line with totals -o Disable buffer adjusting -s----------------------------------------------------------------------- fsckCheck the integrity of a filesystem. This is a front-end to a serie of fsck.* files like (fsck.ext2, fsck.dos, fsck.xia, ecc.) Sintassi: fsck [options] [-tfsck.ext2This command, also know as "e2fsck", check an ext2 filesystem Sintassi: fsck.ext2 [options]----------------------------------------------------------------------- fsck.msdosThis command, also know as "dosfsck" let you check a DOS-FAT16 filesystem. Sintassi: fsck.msdos [options]----------------------------------------------------------------------- fsck.umsdos?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- ftpReally don't know this ??? :-)----------------------------------------------------------------------- funzip?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- fuserTell wich user is locking a file Sintassi: fuser [options] < file > Opzioni: -a Show all the listed files not only the used once -k Kill all the process that are using that files ------------------------------------------------------------------------
* G * gawkA version of "awk" with the "-g" parameter by default----------------------------------------------------------------------- genksyms?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- getkeycodes?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- gettyGetty is a program that is run at boot time. It let you login on your system. Sintassi: getty [options]----------------------------------------------------------------------- getopt?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- getoptprog?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- gpmA daemon to handle mouse selection, and also cut & past, in textmode Sintassi: gpm [options] Opzioni: -B < button order sequence > Set the button order sequence -t < type > Set the mouse type -2 Force a 2 button mouse -3 Force a 3 button mouse -S "command1:command2:command3" Set commands for the mouse "triple-click" Mouse types: mman Mouseman. ms Microsoft with 2 or 3 button bare Microsoft with 2 button msc MouseSystem with 3 button sun MouseSystem variant mm MMSeries logi Logitech serial mouse bm Microsoft BusMouse or compatible ps2 IBM PS/2 Busmouse and compatible (the ones with a circular connector) ncr NCR3125pen. wacom Wacom graphical table----------------------------------------------------------------------- gpm-root?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- gpasswdChange the shadow-password for a group stored into /etc/gshadow The password for a group is used to let users that are not member of this group to become parts of it by the command "newgrp" Sintassi: gpasswd [options]----------------------------------------------------------------------- grepSearch for a pattern into one or more files Syntax "grep": grep [options] text_pattern file_names Syntax "egrep": grep [options] -e text_pattern file_names Syntax "ggrep": grep [options] -f text_pattern file_names Opzioni: "-c" output only the total of line matching the expression "-E" use an extended regular expression "-e" Specify a model to search "-F" use a fixed string model "-f" specify a file with the model "-G" use a normal regular expression "-h" suppress heading "-i" case insensitive "-l" display the name of the non-matching files "-l" display only the files name that content match the expression "-n" append the number of line "-v" search for lines that does not contain the text "text_pattern" can contain the following special chars "^" search for the text at the starting of the line "$" search at the end of the line----------------------------------------------------------------------- groff?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- groupaddAdd a group to the shadow password Sintassi: groupadd [options]groupdelDelete a group from the shadow password Sintassi: groupdelgroupsShow the groups list or the group wich a user is member This command is the same as "id -Gn [user] " Sintassi: groups [users]----------------------------------------------------------------------- grpckCheck the syntax of the file /etc/group and of /etc/gshadow (using also /etc/passwd Sintassi: grpck [-r] [----------------------------------------------------------------------- grpconvConvert the group file /etc/group into /etc/group and /etc/gshadow Sintassi: grpconv----------------------------------------------------------------------- grpunconvUnConvert the shadow password to the normal group /etc/group At the end the file /etc/gshadow is erased. Sintassi: grpunconv----------------------------------------------------------------------- gtbl?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- gunzipUncompress a .gz file, compressed with gzip Esempi: gunzip -d backup.tar.gz will return "backup.tar" and erase backup.tar.gz----------------------------------------------------------------------- gzexe?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- gzipCompress one file. To unzip use the gunzip command Sintassi: gzip [options] [file] "-9" use the maximum compression value "-c" ouput the result to the standard output "-d" force decompression instead of compression "-r" recursively compress every file into a sub-directory "-t" check the integrity of compressed files Esempi: gzip -9 backup.tar create "backup.tar.gz" and will erase backup.tar-----------------------------------------------------------------------
* H * halt?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- hdparm?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- headView only the first lines of a file Sintassi: head [-row] file_name----------------------------------------------------------------------- helpDisplay the on-line help for a command----------------------------------------------------------------------- historyDisplay the shell history----------------------------------------------------------------------- hltest?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- hostname?????-----------------------------------------------------------------------
* I * idDisplay the user's ID (UID) or the group ID (GID) Sintassi: id [options] [user] Opzions: "-u" "--user" Display only the UID "-g" "--group" Display only the GID "-G" "--groups" Display only the numbers of extra group "-n" "--name" Display only the user or group name "-r" "--real" Display only the real UID/GID----------------------------------------------------------------------- ifconfig?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- iflink?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- ifsetup?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- iawkA version of "awk" with the parametes "-i" as default----------------------------------------------------------------------- inetd?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- initInit is the first task that the kernel execute. His job is to start, according to the choosen runlevel, the script for starting, stopping or rebooting the system. Sintassi: init [options] Opzioni: -t----------------------------------------------------------------------- infoA text-base reader for "info" documentation Sintassi: info [options] [voice] Opzioni: --directory----------------------------------------------------------------------- infocmp?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- insmodInsmod is used to load a module into the kernel----------------------------------------------------------------------- installCopy a file assigning permission to it Sintassi: install [options]----------------------------------------------------------------------- installpkgThis install a Slackware Package Sintassi: installpkg [options] < package_filename > "-warn" Don't perform the installation just prompt what will happen "-r" Use current directory as root for installing the package "-m" Make a package from the content of the current directory----------------------------------------------------------------------- ipfwadm?????-----------------------------------------------------------------------
* J * jobsDisplay the list of jobs Sintassi: jobs [options] [job] Opzioni: -l Display with PID -p Display only PID -n Display only the jobs that toggled their fg/bg state----------------------------------------------------------------------- joeA usefull editor, also included in my "Little Italy Linux" It accept command like the old Turbo Pascale editor Commands: CTRL + K + F Search/Replace CTRL + K + S Save current file without quitting CTRL + C Quit without to save, loosing chages CTRK + K + Z Quit saving if changed something-----------------------------------------------------------------------
* K * kbdrateUsed to change the keyboard rate/delay----------------------------------------------------------------------- kbd_modeChange the keyboard mode. This program is only used to debug a new keyboard layout. Please don't use them if you are not Linus Torvald.----------------------------------------------------------------------- kd?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- kermitOne of the most famous program in the world, with "hallo world". It's an old communication program thru' serial lines, we suggest to use 'minicom' if you want test you internet connection.----------------------------------------------------------------------- kerneldkerneld is a 'daemon' that provide auto-load of modules. As example, if you need PPP, kerneld will automatically load it when necessary without running the modprobe or the insmod command. The behaviot of kerneld is controlled by the file '/etc/conf.modules'----------------------------------------------------------------------- killSend a "signal" to a process Sintassi: kill [options] [PID] Opzioni: -s----------------------------------------------------------------------- killallSend a signal to all the process who are executing a specified command Sintassi: killall [options] [ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ killall5????? klogdThis is the daemon to log the kernel messages. Sintassi: klogd [-f log_file]----------------------------------------------------------------------- ksyms?????-----------------------------------------------------------------------
* L * lastDisplay log information about the "login" and the "logout" from /var/log/wtmp of all the user or only from a single user Sintassi: last [options] [user] Opzioni: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ldconfigUpdate the file /etc/ld.so.conf.cache and all the system libraries, also add symlink to the right librarie version----------------------------------------------------------------------- lddList the libraries required by a program----------------------------------------------------------------------- lessSee the 'more' program that have an equivalent syntax----------------------------------------------------------------------- lesskey?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- liloSintassi: lilo [options] -C < configuration file > Specify a configuration file rather than /etc/lilo.conf -r----------------------------------------------------------------------- /etc/lilo.confThis is the configuration file used by "lilo" It accept the following options : boot=/dev/hda Specify on which partition or device will be installed LILO. Don't user /dev/hda if you installed WindowNT as your default system. prompt Tell LILO to dispay a prompt when it start timeout=50 Number of 1/10 seconds to wait before LILO exit from the prompt and load the default image image=/boot/vmlinuz With this line start a definition of a Linux kernel image to be loaded. Every line after this will be refered to this image. label=linux Name to be used for the image at the LILO prompt root=/dev/hda2 Specify wich partition must be mounted as root (i.e. /) for the specified image read-only Needed if you are mounting an ext2fs partition other=/dev/hda1 With this line start the definition of a image to be loaded of another OS. label=dos Tell the label to use. table=/dev/hda ( I DON'T KNOW !)----------------------------------------------------------------------- lnCreate a link (hard or symbolic) to one or more files or dirs Sintassi: ln [options] source_file(s) target_file_or_dir Opzioni: "-n" ask before overwrite an existing file with a link "-s" make a symbolic link instead of an "hard link" "-b" or --backup "-f" or --force "-i" or --interactive "-S" or --suffix "-V" or --version-control "-d" or "-F" or "--directory" Permit to create and hard link to a directory "-n" or --no-dereference----------------------------------------------------------------------- loadlin.exe, loadlinx.exeBoot a Linux kernel from DOS Sintassi: Esempi: LOADLIN c:\vmlinuz root=/dev/hda2 ro Boot an ext2 partition on /dev/hda2 LOADLIN c:\vmlinuz root=/dev/hda1 rw Boot an umsdos partition loadlinX c:\vmlinuz root=c: rw Boot an umsdos partition upon C:----------------------------------------------------------------------- loadkeysLoad the keyboard layout, like dos keyb xx Sintassi: loadkeys [file]----------------------------------------------------------------------- loadunimapLoad an Unicode map----------------------------------------------------------------------- localeDisplay/Set the LOCALE information (i.e. internetional settings) Sintassi: locale [options] Opzioni: -a | --all-locale Show all the LOCALE name -m | --charmaps Show all the avilable char maps----------------------------------------------------------------------- loggerLogger let you add information to the system log Sintassi: logger [-f file_to_include] [message]----------------------------------------------------------------------- login?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- lognameOutput the name of the user you have used at login prompt, reading it from /var/run/utmp To know which user are you currently using use 'whoami' instead.----------------------------------------------------------------------- losetupUsed to configure a "loopback" device----------------------------------------------------------------------- lpPrint a file Sintassi: lp [-c] [-d < printer >] [-m] [-n < copies >] [-o < print_options > ] [-P < page_to_be_printed >] [-w] < file_to_print > Opzioni: "-c" make a copy of the file to be printed "-d" specifies an output printer "-m" send a mail message when the print job is completed "-n" number of copies to print "-o" specifies print Opzioni: nobanner, nofilebreak, cpi=----------------------------------------------------------------------- lpr???????????----------------------------------------------------------------------- lpq, lpstatList the status of all the printers----------------------------------------------------------------------- lsList the files present into a directory Sintassi: ls [options] Opzioni: "-l" display info into a "long" format "-a" display all the files including hidden files "-A" like "-a" but does not show the "." and ".." directory (VERY USEFULL) "-q" Change non-printable chars with the "?" symbol "-R" Recurse thru' subdirectories "-t" Sort the result starting from the most recent modify-date "-c" Sort the result starting from the most recent change-date "-u" Sort the result starting from the most recent access-date "-e" Display full date time for the files. "-i" Show inode "-r" Sort in reverse order "-B" Ignore backup files (~) "-C" Use a vertical format organized in columns "-F" Apped a char at the end of a file, depending on its type: * program; / directory; @ symlink; | pipe; = socket "-S" Sort by size "-X" Sort by extension "-1" format using a single column, one file per line "-w----------------------------------------------------------------------- lsattrShow the attribute of a file on an ext2 file system Sintassi: lsattr [options] < files > Opzioni: "-R" Recurse thru' subdirs "-a" All files, including hidden "-d" Also list subdirs----------------------------------------------------------------------- lsdev?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- lsmodList all the modules loaded into the kernel Sintassi: rmmod [-r] [module_name] If the -r parameter is specified then rmmod try to 'recursively' remove all unneeded modules depending on the specified once.-----------------------------------------------------------------------
* M * makeThe second most know program by programmers :-) Make is used to execute makefiles that usually automate the process of compiling your software project ----------------------------------------------------------------------- makepkgUse to create a Slackware Package ----------------------------------------------------------------------- makewhatisThis will create the 'whatis' database ----------------------------------------------------------------------- A
Mailing program manThe manpages viewer Sintassi: man [options] [name] Opzioni:----------------------------------------------------------------------- manpagesmanpages are usually stored into /usr/share/man , dependly on their extension they handle different topics, depending on their category: 1 user command 2 syscall 3 library function 4 devices 5 file formats 6 games 7 misc 8 system commands 9 kernel routine----------------------------------------------------------------------- mattrib?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- mcThe famous "Midnight Commander", a clone of the Norton Commander dos program. This is included by default into my "Little Italy Linux"----------------------------------------------------------------------- mcd?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- mcopy?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- mdel?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- mdir?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- mgettymgetty is the daemon that allow you to login onto your system. Its a very complex program. Sintassi: mgetty [options] < linea-tty > Opzioni: "-x----------------------------------------------------------------------- mesgEnable/disable the display of messages on the screen using the comamnd "write" Sintassi: mesg [y|n]----------------------------------------------------------------------- mev?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- mformat?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- mingettyA small version of getty with no modem or serial line support to reduce memory use. Do not use any configuration file. Sintassi: mingetty [options] [virtual console] Opzioni: --noclear Do not clear the screen before the login --long-hostname Display the complete computer name at the login prompt Esempi: mingetty tty1----------------------------------------------------------------------- mkdirCreate one or more directories Sintassi: mkdir [options] < directory > ... Opzions: "-m | --mode=----------------------------------------------------------------------- mkfifoCreate one or more FIFO (named pipe) mkfifo [options] < file > Opzioni: "-m < mode > | --mode=< mode >" Define Permissions----------------------------------------------------------------------- mkfs, mkfs.ext2, mkfs.msdos, mke2fsMake an ext2 file system on the specified device Syntax for ext2 fs : mke2fs [options] < device > [dimension in blocks] Syntax for dos fs : mkedos [options] < device > [dimension in blocks] General Syntax : mkfs [ -t < fs type > ] [options] < device > [dimension in blocks] Opzioni: "-b < block size >" "-c" Check badblocks "-i----------------------------------------------------------------------- mkinitrd?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- mkisofsMake a ISO-9660 filesystem (cd-rom) image from the specified directory Sintassi: mkisofs [options] < directory > Opzioni: "-a" Include all files "-f" Symlinks are converted into the pointed files "-m < model >" Exclude all the files or dirs that are present into the model "-o < file >" Specify the output file for the image "-R" Add the Rock-Ridge extensions "-r" Adjust permission for the file into the ISOfs "-T" Enable the creation of files TRANS.TBL into every directory "-v" Verbose "-x < directory >" Exclude that directory----------------------------------------------------------------------- mklost+found?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- mknodCreate a FIFO or a special device file. Sintassi: mknod [options] < file >----------------------------------------------------------------------- mkswapInitialize a swap partition Sintassi: mkswap [-c] < device of file name >mlabel?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- mmd????? -----------------------------------------------------------------------modprobemodprobe is used instead of 'insmod' because it use 'modules.dep' to find the dependencies the module need. In this way modprobe load all the needed modules while insmod load only the specified modules. Sintassi: modprobe [options] [module_name] [module_parameters] Opzioni: -a Load all the modules -c Show the current configuration -l List all the available modules -r Remove all loaded modules----------------------------------------------------------------------- moreDisplay the standard input one page at time on the screen Sintassi: more [options] [file] Esempi: cat /etc/passwd | more more /etc/passwd Keyboard Shortcuts q Quit the program h Show the on-line help SPACE Show the next page ENTER Show the next line b Show the previous page /apple Search the text for 'apple' n Find the text again CTRL+l Refresh the current screen The 'less' command, additionally can use the arrow and page key to scroll the text also if it cames from the standard input. Also it have this additional shortcut: y Show the previous line ?apple Search backward for 'apple' N Repeat last backward search----------------------------------------------------------------------- mountMount the filesystem from a device into a directory (the mount point). Sintassi: mount [ -t < fs_type>] [-o ro|rw] < device_name > < mount_point > Esempi: mount -t vfat /dev/fd0 /floppy mount the windoze floppy a: under /floppy mount -t iso9660 /dev/scd0 /cdrom mount your scsi cdrom under /cdrom mount -a mount all the filsystems into /etc/fstab mount -a -t nomsdos,nonfs mount all the filsystems into /etc/fstab execpt the once that are of type msdos and nfs Opzioni: "-a" Mount all the FS into /etc/fstab execpt the once makerd with 'noauto' "-t < FS-type > Specify the FS type "-o < FS-Option > Specify "rw" or "ro" to mount the fs read/write or read/only----------------------------------------------------------------------- mrd?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- mread?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- mren?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- mtools?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- mtools.script?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- mtype?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- mvMove files or directory, also rename, because rename is just as moving into the same directory Sintassi: mv [options] < source > < target > Opzioni: -b | --backup -f | --force -i | --interactive -S | --suffix -V | --version-control----------------------------------------------------------------------- mwrite?????-----------------------------------------------------------------------
* N * nameiParse a pathname into all his parts Sintassi: namei [options] < pathname >...----------------------------------------------------------------------- netstat?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- niceRun a command at a specified priority ( "nice" ) Sintassi: nice [options] [command] [arguments] Opzioni: -n < nice > Assign a priority from -20 (higher) to +19 (lowest)----------------------------------------------------------------------- nisdomainname?????----------------------------------------------------------------------- nohupRun a command in a way that it cannot be interrupted with the signal (SIGHUP) Esempi: nohup yes > /dev/null &----------------------------------------------------------------------- newgrpChange the group of the current user Sintassi: newgrp [group] -----------------------------------------------------------------------
* O * openopen let you start a command upon a new virtual console Sintassi: open [options] [--] < command > [command options] Opzioni: -c < console number > Specify a virtual console to use -l Treath the command as a login shell-----------------------------------------------------------------------
* P * packPack a file with ".z" extension----------------------------------------------------------------------- passwdChange your password or the once of a specified user Sintassi: passwd [options] [username] Opzioni: "-s" view status information----------------------------------------------------------------------- paste-----------------------------------------------------------------------patchApply a patch to one or more files. The patch is usually created with the 'diff' command----------------------------------------------------------------------- pathchkCheck a list of path Sintassi: pathchk [options] [pathname ... ]----------------------------------------------------------------------- pcomm-----------------------------------------------------------------------pfdisk-----------------------------------------------------------------------pkgtoolHandle Slackware Package maintainance (add, remove, ecc.)----------------------------------------------------------------------- pidof-----------------------------------------------------------------------ping-----------------------------------------------------------------------popdThis is not the MAIL daemon ! Its a utility to get-off from the directory stack an item pushed with "pushd". Sintassi: popd [+/-n]----------------------------------------------------------------------- powerdUPS power daemon----------------------------------------------------------------------- prFormat a text file----------------------------------------------------------------------- procinfo-----------------------------------------------------------------------psDisplay information about the processes currently running on the system Sintassi: ps [-l] [-a] [-e] [-f] [-t----------------------------------------------------------------------- pstreeDisplay running process with a graphical tree Sintassi: pstree [options] [ PID | user ] Opzioni: "-a" Show the command-line "-p" Show the PIDs "-u" Show UUID transaction Esempi: ps -u -p----------------------------------------------------------------------- pushdAdd a directory on the top of the directory stack Sintassi: pushd [< directory >] | pushd [+/-n]----------------------------------------------------------------------- pwckpwck check the integrity of the file /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow Sintassi: pwck [-r] [ < passwd-file > [shadow-file]] Opzioni: "-r" read-only check, do not fix anything----------------------------------------------------------------------- pwconvConvert your /etc/passwd into /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow. Password are removed from the /etc/passwd file. If /etc/shadow already exist it is simply updated. This program does not get any parameters, any default value is taken from /etc/login.defs----------------------------------------------------------------------- pwdpwd (Print Working Directory) output the name of the current directory Sintassi: pwd [options]----------------------------------------------------------------------- pwunconvpwunconv make the reverse work of "pwconv". It convert /etc/shadow into /etc/passwd then erase it.-----------------------------------------------------------------------
* Q * quotaThe quotha manager, handle the amount of space a user can consume upon a system Sintassi: quota [ options ] Opzioni: -u [ user ] Get the quotas for the specified user -g [ group ] Get the quotas for the specified group Examples: quota Get the quota for the current user----------------------------------------------------------------------- quotacheckScan all the partition to update the files quota.user and quota.group, its good to do this at boot time Sintassi: quotacheck [ options ] [{< partition >|< mount-point >}...] Opzioni: -u Scan user quota (default) -g Scan group quota -a Scan all the partition into /etc/fstab -R Scan all the partition into /etc/fstab except "/" (root) Examples: quotacheck /dev/hdb2 quotacheck /mnt/disco2 quotacheck -avug----------------------------------------------------------------------- quotaonEnable quota manager Sintassi: quotaon [ options ] [{< partition >|< mount-point >}...] Opzioni: -u Enable user quota -g Enable group quota -a Enbale quota according to /etc/fstab Examples: quotaon /dev/hdb2 quotaon /mnt/disco2 quotaon -avug Questo corrisponde all'utilizzo normale del programma, per attivare la gestione delle quote in tutte le partizioni montate e registrate nel file /mnt/disco2 come soggette al controllo delle quote, sia degli utenti che dei gruppi.----------------------------------------------------------------------- quotaoffDisable quota manager Sintassi: quotaoff [ options ] [{< partition >|< mount-point >}...] Opzioni: same a "quotaon"-----------------------------------------------------------------------
* R * rarp-----------------------------------------------------------------------rcpRemote copy of file between computer----------------------------------------------------------------------- rdevUtility to set parameters into a kernel image Sintassi:----------------------------------------------------------------------- readBash command to read a string from standard input Sintassi: read [-a < array > ] [-p < prompt > ] [-r] [ < variabile >... ] Opzioni: -r Parse "\" as a valid char -a < array > Fill a specified array with the parsed values -p < prompt > Output a prompt----------------------------------------------------------------------- reboot-----------------------------------------------------------------------removepkgDeinstall a Slackware Package Sintassi: removepkg [-warn] < package_name > Opzioni: "-warn" do not really remove the package only warn----------------------------------------------------------------------- reniceRun a command at a specified priority ( "nice" ) Sintassi: renice----------------------------------------------------------------------- repquotarepquota emit a report of the quota usage Sintassi: repquota [ options ] [{< partition >|< mount-point >}...] Opzioni: see "quotacheck"----------------------------------------------------------------------- request-route-----------------------------------------------------------------------resetReset the terminal if a lot of strange characters appear on your screen. Sometimes this is a shell script.----------------------------------------------------------------------- rloginRemote Login to a computer----------------------------------------------------------------------- rmRemove one or more file or an entire directory tree Sintassi: rm [option] < target > Opzioni: -r | -R | --recursive Recursively delete file into a directory -i | --interactive Ask before to remove -d | --directory Threat directories as files -f | --force Ovverride the -i parameters and delete without asking any confirmation----------------------------------------------------------------------- rmdirErase any specified directory Sintassi: rmdir [ options ] < directory >... Opzioni: -p | --parents Erase also the parent directory if it is empty----------------------------------------------------------------------- rmsmodRemove a module from the kernel Sintassi: rmmod [-r] [module_name] If the -r parameter is specified then rmmod try to 'recursively' remove all unneeded modules depending on the specified once.----------------------------------------------------------------------- rnNewsgroup reader----------------------------------------------------------------------- rootdev-----------------------------------------------------------------------route-----------------------------------------------------------------------rpmRedHat Package Manager, it install, deinstall, upgrade, etc., every RedHat package Syntax (user rpm --help to gain the full help): RPM version 2.3.10 Copyright (C) 1997 - Red Hat Software This may be freely redistributed under the terms of the GNU Public License usage: --help - print this message --version - print the version of rpm being used -q - query mode --root < dir > - use < dir > as the top level directory --dbpath < dir > - use < dir > as the directory for the database install, upgrade and query (with -p) allow ftp URL's to be used in place of file names as well as the following Opzioni: Package specification Opzioni: -a - query all packages -f < file >+ - query package owning < file > -prshExecute a command on a remote computer----------------------------------------------------------------------- runlevel-----------------------------------------------------------------------
* S * scriptSave into a text file every command you issue from the keyboard. Very usefull for making shell script Sintassi: script [-a] < file > Opzioni: "-a" Append the typed command to a pre-existing script file rather than creating a new one To quit the recording use the 'exit' command.----------------------------------------------------------------------- sdiffCompare two files----------------------------------------------------------------------- setUsed to set some 'bash' behavious Sintassi: set [flag] [shiftShift the program parameters of "n" positions except $0 Sintassi: shift [n]----------------------------------------------------------------------- syslinux.exeMake a DOS Floppy disk capable of boot linux, offering many advanced features.----------------------------------------------------------------------- syslinux.cfgConfiguration file for syslinux Opzioni: DEFAULT linux Tell to use "linux" as default label TIMEOUT 50 Specify how many 1/10 of seconds to wait to start the default kernel To wait forever specify 0 (zero) DISPLAY INTRO.TXT Display the content of the file INTRO.TXT PROMPT 1 Ask user for something. Set to 0 to override this F1 INTRO.TXT Set the F1 key to display this text, and so on for F2, F3, ecc. LABEL linux Define a label KERNEL LINUX Specify which kernel image to load for the last labeò LABEL floppy Special label to tell to insert a new floppy with a compressed root partition ramdisk image LABEL hda1 Tell to start with the kernel on /dev/hda1----------------------------------------------------------------------- sedStream Editor, process text file----------------------------------------------------------------------- set, setenvSet an environment variable----------------------------------------------------------------------- setfontLoad a specified font file, or the default if nothing is specified Sintassi: setfont [ options ] < font-file >----------------------------------------------------------------------- setkeycodes-----------------------------------------------------------------------setledsChange the keyboard's led state Sintassi: setleds [options] [[+|-]num] [[+|-]caps] [[+|-]scroll] Opzioni: "" If you run the program with no options you will get the current settings "-D" Settings are stored so a 'reset' command will not change them "-L" Change only the led status but not his meanings.----------------------------------------------------------------------- setserial-----------------------------------------------------------------------setterm-----------------------------------------------------------------------sh -> bash-----------------------------------------------------------------------ship-----------------------------------------------------------------------showfont-----------------------------------------------------------------------showkeyDisplay the keycode for every key you press. The program quit after 10 seconds of inactivity. Sintassi:showkey [ options ]----------------------------------------------------------------------- shutdownHalt or reboot a machine Sintassi: Opzioni: "-h" halt the machine "-r" reboot the machine----------------------------------------------------------------------- signals*Signal* *Action* *Description* SIGHUP A The Terminal hang-up (lost connection). SIGINT A Program Interrupted (usually CTRL+C) SIGQUIT A Program Quitted. SIGILL A Illegal Instruction. SIGABRT C Program aborted (interruped by the system). SIGFPE C Floating Point Exception. SIGKILL AEF Process Killed. SIGSEGV C Segmentation Fault (You have problem with your system). SIGPIPE A Broken Pipe. SIGALRM A Timer Alarm. SIGTERM A Program Terminated (maybe with KILL -TERM ...). SIGUSR1 A User Signal 1. SIGUSR2 A User Signal 2. SIGCHLD B A child process is quit. SIGCONT If stopped, restart the execution. SIGTSTOP DEF Immediatly stop the process. SIGTSTP D Stop signal from a keyboard command. SIGTTIN D Background process who need input. SIGTTOU D Background process who need output. *Actions* A process is quitted; B signal ignored; C make a "core" dump; D process is stopped; E process cannot be catched; F process cannot be ignored.----------------------------------------------------------------------- sleepWait "n" seconds----------------------------------------------------------------------- Static "ln" ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Sort a text file ----------------------------------------------------------------------- spellCheck the spelling of a text file----------------------------------------------------------------------- Static SYNC ----------------------------------------------------------------------- sttyChange settings of the terminal Sintassi:stty [options | < configuration >] Opzioni: "-a" Show the current configuration----------------------------------------------------------------------- suLet you login as another user without exiting from your current console session. If no user is specified the 'root' user is used as default. Sintassi:su [ options ] [ user ]----------------------------------------------------------------------- sulogin-----------------------------------------------------------------------swapoffDisable the use of the swap partition Sintassi:swapoff [ options ] [ device ]----------------------------------------------------------------------- swaponEnable the use of a swap partition or file Sintassi:swapon [ options ] [ device ] Opzioni: "-a" Enable all the swap partition defined into /etc/fstab Examples: # swapon /dev/hda3 Enable the swap partition /dev/hda3. # swapon /swap1 Enable the swap file /swap1. # swapon -a Enable the swap partition specified into /etc/fstab, if any.----------------------------------------------------------------------- switchtoswitchto is used to switch the screen to another virtual console without pressing any key Sintassi: switchto [virtual console number]----------------------------------------------------------------------- syncsync perform the flush of the file cache buffer, writing pending information to the disk Sintassi: sync [ options ]----------------------------------------------------------------------- syslogdsyslogd is the daemon that take care of booking every system event. It's configuration file is /etc/syslogd.conf Sintassi: syslogd [ options ] Options : -f < configuration file > -m < minutes > -p----------------------------------------------------------------------- sysvbanner-----------------------------------------------------------------------svatextmodeSVGATextMode is used to resize the console size at any time. Its configuration file is /etc/TextConfig Sintassi: SVGATextMode[ options ] [configuration voice]-----------------------------------------------------------------------
* T * tacDisplay a file in reverse order, from the bottom to the top. tac works as the opposite of cat. See cat for command options. Sintassi: tac [ options ] [file... ]----------------------------------------------------------------------- tailDisplay the last lines of a file Sintassi:tail [-r] [------------------------------------------------------------------------ talkTalk with another user----------------------------------------------------------------------- tartar (Tape ARchive) manage archive files Sintassi: tar [c|r|t|u|x|A][options][f < tar_file >] < file_names > Opzioni: "c" copy on a new file or floppy "r" copy at the end of a pre-existing archive "t" view files inside of an archive "u" Update archive with only new files "-A" Append files to a pre-existing archive "-d" Find difference between the files into the archive and the filesystem "--delete" Delete from an archive all the specified files "x" extract files from the archive "l" display an error message if the desidere file is not found "o" when extracting a file use the current user attributes instead of the orginal file owner "v" view name of the file being processed "w" ask before to copy any file "0-9" device number "f" specify the archive file name "-r" o "--append" Aggiunge dati a un archivio già esistente. "-t" o "--list" Elenca il contenuto di un archivio. "-u" o "--update" Aggiunge solo i file più recenti rispetto a quanto già contenuto nell'archivio. "-x" o "--extract" Estrae i file da un archivio. "--atime-preserve" Fa in modo che la data di accesso dei file che vengono archiviati, non venga modificata. "-f < file >" Emette l'archivio nel file o nel device. Se si tratta di un file normale, questo viene creato. "-h" o "--dereference" Non copia i link simbolici, ma i file a cui questi fanno riferimento. "-k" o "--keep-old-files" In fase di estrazione da un archivio, non sovrascrive i file eventualmente già esistenti. "-l" o "--one-file-system" Quando viene creato un archivio, resta in un solo filesystem: quello di partenza. "-L----------------------------------------------------------------------- teeCopy text between a pipe and a file Sintassi: tee [-a] file_names Opzioni: "-a" append to the existing file instead of overwrite Exampe: find . -atime +30 | tess file.old.txt----------------------------------------------------------------------- telinit-----------------------------------------------------------------------telnetReally don't know this ???----------------------------------------------------------------------- testtest is used in shell script to evaluate a condition. It return 0 for TRUE or 1 for FALSE Sintassi: test < condition > Conditions: -e < file > File exist -b < file > File is a block device -c < file > File is a char device -d < file > File is a directory -f < file > File is normal -L < file > File is a symlink -p < file > File is a named-pipe -S < file > File is a socket -t [----------------------------------------------------------------------- tic-----------------------------------------------------------------------timeDisplay the duration of a command----------------------------------------------------------------------- timesEmette i tempi di utilizzo accumulati.----------------------------------------------------------------------- tload-----------------------------------------------------------------------toe-----------------------------------------------------------------------topDisplay the list of the system process and also let you manage them interactively Sintassi: top [options] Opzioni: -d----------------------------------------------------------------------- touchCambia la data-ora di accesso e di aggiornamento dei file. Se non viene specificata una data, viene utilizzata la data nel momento in cui viene eseguito il comando. Se il file specificato non esistone, allora viene crato vuoto. Sintassi: touch [-a] [-c] [-m] [date] < files_name > Opzioni: "-a" Viene cambiata solo la data di accesso. "-c" Non vengono creati i file che non esistono. "-m" Cambia solo la data di aggiornamento. "-r----------------------------------------------------------------------- tput-----------------------------------------------------------------------traceroute-----------------------------------------------------------------------trap"trap" a signal executing a command when this happen Sintassi: trap [-l] [command] [signal] Esempi: $ trap 'ls -l' SIGUSR1 Se la shell riceve un segnale SIGUSR1 esegue ls -l. $ trap '' SIGUSR1 La shell e tutti i processi figli ignorano il segnale SIGUSR1. $ trap - Tutti i segnali specificati sono riportati al loro valore originale $ trap 'echo "bye." EXIT Il comando viene eseguito all'uscita della shell quando il segnale e' EXIT----------------------------------------------------------------------- tree-----------------------------------------------------------------------troff-----------------------------------------------------------------------true-----------------------------------------------------------------------tset-----------------------------------------------------------------------ttyDisplay the name of the terminal you are current using----------------------------------------------------------------------- type-----------------------------------------------------------------------tune2fs
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